Role of grain dynamics in determining the onset of sediment transport

Abram H. Clark,1 Mark D. Shattuck,2 Nicholas T. Ouellette,3 and Corey S. O’Hern1,4,5 1Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA 2Benjamin Levich Institute and Physics Department, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA 3Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA 4Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA 5Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA (Received 9 December 2016; published 31 March 2017)